The necessity of growth

Chris Dillow had a thoughtful post recently on why governments, and by extension the rest of us, really want economic growth. This post, indirectly, reminded me of Tim Jackson's 2009 book: Prosperity Without Growth. I didn't like it, even though I think that many of its conclusions are probably sound, the analysis is very weak.

In particular, Jackson sets up a straw-man of a ‘conventional macroeconomics’ in which GDP growth is necessary, and then shows that this is not ecologically sustainable. However it’s not clear that ‘conventional macroeconomics’ does require this: disappointed growth expectations may lead to recessions etc due to frictions, but if the central expectation of economic growth was zero (and debt levels etc were consistent with this expectation) then in what way would our ‘conventional macroeconomics’ require a positive growth rate? (I link back to Chris Dillow's post for some thoughts on why there may be such a requirement - but you won't find any such thoughtful analysis along these lines from Tim Jackson).

I think that the postulate of ‘a conventional macroeconomics’ is just a disparaging line of attack from someone who chooses not to engage with economics and wants to portray it as monolithic and wrong. See these links for other complaints along these lines.

It is clear that ultimate limits exist but it’s in no way clear that this precludes a capitalist system, because it is in no way clear that a capitalist system ‘requires’ growth.

Accounting for growth - Ayres & Warr

Interesting paper from 2005 published in Structural Change and Economic Dynamics: http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/economics/ayres_2005.pdf

This paper starts by noting that under normal assumptions, i.e. a constant returns to scale production function, changing factor endowments cannot explain the change in economic output over the 20th century. We need to postulate an additional factor: usually `technological progress'. This conclusion is qualitatively unaltered even if we expand the factors we consider from labour and capital to also include energy inputs.

However, if raw energy inputs are converted into `useful work' using estimated efficiency factors, then the change in labour, capital and useful work, at least over the 1900 - 1970 period, does seem to explain the change in economic output.

Is this an anodyne statement? Is every technological improvement basically just an improvement in the conversion of energy resources into useful work? Should we be surprised by this result? In particular, are we comfortable with idea that the productivity of labour has stayed constant and it's just that each unit of labour has more capital and joules to play with?

The paper can be criticised for introducing non-standard production functions that just serve to confuse the issue - they may fit the data better, but if the driver is just the use of useful work as a factor of production then they should keep it simple by explaining the issue purely in these terms. The authors claim that their results hold even if we just use a Cobb-Douglas production function.

The other interesting issue brought out by this paper is the divergence of their economic output as predicted from labour, capital and useful work, with actual economic output, post 1970. The authors postulate that this could be due to labour and capital using useful work more efficiently as prices increased in the 70's oil shock (this explanation is akin to Hassler, Krusell & Olovsson) or perhaps to to the rise of information technology. My only thoughts here were that it's interesting that this is also the point in time at which there is the divergence (at least in the US) of GDP per capita and median income, and between the GDP deflator and the CPI index (so that the economic statistics are "either overstating inflation (and hence understating income gains) or overstating economic growth").

Assorted Links

Some interesting stuff I've read recently on negative interest rates:
The negative unnatural rate of interest
the return of secular stagnation
a theory of the recession
a theory of the recession, ctd
Toy models of inequality, negative interest rates, revolutions, and trade deficits
negative real rates of return

and, from longer ago, on land values:
the stickiest price land and recessions
http://www.overcomingbias.com/2010/02/is-the-city-ularity-near.html